 |
| Phonetics --> 3rd Lecture |
Minimal Pairs
Two different words which are
identical in everything except for one sound segment in the same place of the
word :
Cat , hat
Minimal Sets
Three words or more which are
similar in everything ; the number of sounds , but they are different in one
sound :
can , cat , cap
/kæn/ , /kæt/ , /kæp/
Exercise
Transcribe
the following words:
Earth
|
/3:rq/
|
Hand
|
/hænd/
|
Blood
|
/bl^d/
|
Thief
|
/qi:f/
|
Plant
|
/pla:nt/
|
Gun
|
/g^n/
|
Driver
|
/draIv¶r/
|
Sky
|
/skaI/
|
Exam
|
/Igzæm/
|
Black
|
/blæk/
|
Green
|
/gri:n/
|
Cheese
|
/tòi:z/
|
Dream
|
/dri:m/
|
Nightmare
|
/naItme¶/
|
Tough
|
/t^f/
|
Blue
|
/blu:/
|
Knife
|
/naIf/
|
Spoon
|
/spu:n/
|
Curse
|
/k3:rs/
|
Island
|
/aIlænd/
|
Paper
|
/peIp¶r/
|
Choose
|
/tòu:z/
|
Lesson
|
/lesn/
|
Weak
and Strong forms
At the beginning of the sentence , the strong form must be used.
There are three kinds of
change :
1)Words with one change.
2)Two changes. 3)Three
changes .
(1)Words
with one change :
Word
|
The strong
form
|
The weak form
|
-and
-as
-but
-than
-that
-them
|
/ænd/
/æz/
/b^t/
/æn/
/æt/
/dem/
|
/ ¶n/
/ ¶z/
/ b¶t/
/¶n/
/¶t/
/ d¶m/
|
-he
-his
-him
|
/hi:/
/hIz /
/hIm /
|
/i:/
/Iz/
/Im/
|
-her
-does
-be
-was
-can
-shall
-must
|
/h3:/
/d^z/
/bi:/
/wDz/
/kæn/
/òæl/
/m^st/
|
/3:/
/d¶z/
/bI/
/w¶z/
/k¶n/
/òl/
/m¶st/
|
-a
-an
-at
-of
-from
|
/eI/
/æn/
/æt/
/Dv/
/frDm/
|
/¶/ before consonants
/¶n/ before vowels
/¶t/
/¶v/
/fr¶m/
|
2-Words
with two changes:
Word
|
Strong
form
|
Weak
form
|
-us
|
/8s/
|
-/s/ only with let's , /as/ in everywhere else
|
-do
|
/du: /
|
-/d¶/ before consonants
-/d/ before vowels
|
-to
|
/tu: /
|
-/t/ before consonants.
-/t/
before vowels
|
-am
|
/æm/
|
/m/ after I , /¶m/ in everywhere else
|
-are
|
/a:r/
|
/¶/ before consonants , /¶r/ before vowels
|
-have
|
/hæv/
|
/v/ after a pronoun , /¶v/ in everywhere else
|
-had
|
/hæd/
|
/d/ after a pronoun , /¶d/ in everywhere else
|
-would
|
/wÈd/
|
/d/ after a pronoun , /¶d/ in everywhere else
|
-the
|
/dæ/
|
/d¶/ before consonants , /di:/ before vowels
|
3–Words
with three changes :
Word
|
Strong
form
|
Weak
form
|
is
|
/Iz/ or /Is/
|
-/s/ after / p , t , k , q , f /
-/z/ after vowels and voiced consonants except /z
,3,d3/
-/Iz/ after / s , z , ò , 3 , tò , d3/
|
has
|
/hæz/
|
-/¶z/ after /s,z ,ò,3,tò,d3/
-/s/ after /p/t/k/q/f/
-/z/ elsewhere.
|
will
|
/wIl/
|
-/1/ after a pronoun .
-/l/ after consonants except /l/
-/¶l/ after vowels and
/1/
|
nt : after vowels.
- not /nDt/
nt
: after consonants.
Examples
- They are
not coming .
deI a:rnt k^mIη/
-They must
not come.
deI
m^snt k^m
ملحوظة :
الـ 35 كلمة الـ Weak ممكن يتم
استخدامهم Strong وذلك في
حالتين:
1- يأتوا في نهاية الجملة. 2- أن يكونوا Stressed.
For example,
-can
I ? ® /kæn aI ?/
-do they ? ® /du: deI
?/
-have
you finished ® /hæv ju: fInIòt ?/
-John
has ® /d3Dn hæz/ .
-Merry
will ® /me¶rI wIl/
-You are ® /ju: a: /
-I
do not want too ® /aI d¶Ènt wDnt tu: /
Exceptions:
Us/them/he/his/him/her
فهم عندما يأتوا في نهاية الجملة فيكتبوا weak ما إن لم
يكونوا Stressed.
For example,
-I told her ® /aI t¶Èld 3:/
-She likes them ® /òi:
laIks d¶m /
-We called for him ®/wi: k¶Èld f¶r Im /
-They laughed at us ®/deI la:ft ¶t ¶s
/
Exercises
–Underline and transcribe
the words which would normally occur unstressed (i.e. weak) in the following
sentences:
1- They have joined
the group for a long time.
-have : /v/
-the: /d¶/
-for : /f¶/
-a: /¶/
2- She has an uncle
and a cousin.
-has: /z/
-an: /¶n/
-and: /¶n/
-a: /¶ /
3- How am I going to
get it ?
-am: /¶m/
-to: /t¶/
***********************
***********************
No comments: