phonetics --> Lecture 8 ( Morphology )

phonetics --> Lecture 8 ( Morphology )

Types of morphemes

           There are free morphemes which can sand by themselves as single words e.g. open and tour. There are also bound morphemes, that is, those which cannot normally stand alone, but which are typically attached to another form. E.g. re-ist-ed-s all affixes in English are bound morphemes:

           Free morphemes are the words which carry the 'content' of messages we convey. These free morphemes are called lexical morphemes and some examples are boy , man , house , tiger , sad , long , yellow , sincere , open , look , follow , break  and but , when , because , on , near , above , in , the , that, it. This set consists largely of the functions words in the language such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns.

          Also, bound morphemes are divided into two types  : derivational morphemes and inflectional morphemes . First , derivational morphemes are used to make new words in the language and are often used to make words of a different grammatical category. Thus, the addition of the derivational morpheme will include suffixes such as the -ish in foolish , the -ly in badly and the –ment in payment. It will also include prefixes such as re-pre= ex- dis – co- un-.Second ,  inflectional morphemes are not used to produce new words in the English language but rather to indicate aspects of the grammatical function of a word. Inflectional morphemes are used to show if a word is plural or singular, if it is past tense or not, and if it is a comparative or possessive form.

Allomorphs& Morphs

Morphs and allomorphs

Phones as the actual phonemes then morphs as the actual phonetic realization of morphemes .For example , the word 'cat' is a single morph realizing a lexical morpheme. Allomorphs:

Allomorph  is  the variant forms of the same phoneme .

There are three types of allomorphs: plural, past and negative.

1)plural

-Cats   ®  /s/                            

      v.l allomorph                                          

-Dogs®/z/

      vd  allomorph                                       

-Boxes ® /¶z / or /Iz/

       vd(sibilant)  allomorph

: /s/

 تنطق

v.l  إذا أتي قبلها  /s/-

                                                                    v.d إذا أتي قبلها  /z/-

(s-z--ò-3-tò-d3): sibilants/ إذا أتي قبلها Iz/ - /¶z/-

2)Past allomorphs

- Seemed / d /

       v.d  

- تنطق الـ "ed" ¬ / /d إذا أتى قبلها voiced وإذا أتى قبلها voiceless

- Helped / t /

       v.l

- تنطق /t/ وإذا أتى قبلها كلمة تنتهي بـ / t /  أو  /d/ فتنطق  /Id/ or /¶d/

- Parted : /¶d/ or /Id/       

- Faded : /¶d/ or /Id/

3)Negative allomorphs

-disagree

-unaccepted

-illegal

-immortal

-inaccurate

-irregular

Examples

Give a morphological analysis for the following words:

Meaninglessness

Word	Analysis
mean -	Base – free – verb
ing -	Suffix – bound – inflectional – V → N
less	Suffix – bound – negative – derivational – N → adj. –
- ness	Suffix – bound – derivational – Adj. → N

Girlfriend 

Word	Analysis
Girl	Base – free – noun
- friend	Base – free – noun

Unacceptable  

Word	Analysis
Un -	Prefix – bound – negative – derivational
accept	Base – free – verb
- able	Suffix - bound – derivational – V → Adj.

Disagreement  

Word	Analysis
Dis -	Prefix – negative – bound – derivational
agree	Base – free – verb
- ment	Suffix – bound – derivational – V → N

Negotiations  

Word	Analysis
Negotiate -	Base – free – verb
ion	Suffix – bound – derivational – V→ N
- s	Suffix – bound – inflectional – N. singular → N. Plural

Unrelated

Word	Analysis
Un -	Prefix – bound – negative – derivational
Relat	Base – free – verb
- ed	Suffix – bound – inflectional - V → Adj.

Unexpectedness

Word	Analysis
Un-	Prefix – bound – negative – derivational
Expect -	Base – free – verb
ed	Suffix – bound – inflectional - V → Adj.
- ness	Suffix – bound – derivational - Adj. → N

Beautifully

Word	Analysis
beauti -	Base – free – noun
ful	Suffix – bound – derivational – N → Adj.
- ly	Suffix – bound – derivational – Adj. → Adv.

Undiscovered

Word	Analysis
Un -	Prefix – bound – negative – derivational
discover	Base – free – verb
- ed	Suffix – bound – derivational – V→adj. – inflectional : Present → past

Disrespectable

Word	Analysis
dis -	Prefix – bound – negative – derivational
respect	Base – free – verb /N
- able	Suffix – bound – V/N → adj. – derivational

Lifelessness

Word	Analysis
Life -	Base – free – N
less	Suffix – bound – N → adj. – derivational – negative
- ness	Suffix – bound – adj. →N

Professorship

Word	Analysis
Profess -	Base –free - verb
or	Suffix – bound - V → N - derivational
- ship	Suffix – bound – N → N - derivational

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